Spellings

Spellings

   February 28, 2019       barkha verma

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Spelling

1. Words + -s and es (birds/watches etc.)

Noun + s(plural)
bird-birds
mistake - mistakes
hotel - hotels

verb + s(he/she/it-s)
think - thinks
live - lives
remember - remembers

+es after -s/ -sh/ -ch/ -x:
bus - buses
pass - passes
address - addresses
dish - dishes
wash - washes
finish - finish
watch - watches
teach - teaches
sandwich - sandwiches

also

potato - potatoes
tomato - tomatoes
do - does
go - goes

-f/ -fe/ -ves:
shelf - shelves
knife - knives
roof - roofs

2. Words ending in -y (baby-babies/ study-studied etc.)

-y - ies
study - studies
story - stories
try - tries
city - cities
marry - marries
baby - babies
fly - flies

-y - ied
study - studied
try - tried
marry - married
copy - copied

-y - ier/-iest
easy - easier/ easiest
happy - happier/ happiest
heavy - heavier/ heaviest
lucky - luckier/ luckiest
funny - funnier/ funniest

-y - ily
easy - easily
happy - happily
lucky - luckily
heavy - heavily

y does not change i if the ending is -ay/ -ed/ -oy/ -uy:
holiday - holidays
enjoy - enjoys/enjoyed
stay - stays/stayed
buy - buys
key - keys

but
say - said
pay - paid

3. -ing

verbs that end in -e (make//write/drive etc.) - ing:
make - making
write - writing
come - coming
dance - dancing

verbs that end in -ie - -ying
lie - lying
die - dying
tie - tying

4. Stop - stopped, big-bigger etc.

vowels and consonants:
vowel letters:     a e i o u
consonant letters: b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t w x y z

Sometimes a word ends in a vowel + a consonant. for example: stop, big, get.
before -ing/ -ed/ -er/ -est, the consonant at the end (-p/-g/-t etc.) is doubled' (-pp-/-gg-/-tt-etc.)
for example:

stop     STOP     p-pp      stopping   stopped
run       RUN      n-nn      running
get       GET       t-tt         getting
swim   SWIM    m-mm   swimming
big       BIG       g-gg       bigger       biggest

hot       HOT      t-tt         hotter        hottest

thin      THIN     n-nn      thinner      thinnest

5. This does not happen 

(1) If the word ends in two consonant letters (C+C):

help    HELP     helping   helped

word   WORK  working  worked

fast     FAST     faster       fastest

(2) If the word ends in two vowel letters + a consonant latter (V+V+C)

need    NEED    needing   needed

wait     WAIT    waiting    waited

cheap   CHEAP cheaper   cheapest

(3) In longer words (two syllables or more) if the last part of the word is not stressed:

  

happen       HAP-pen        Happening/happened

visit           VIS-it              visiting/visited

remember  re-MEM-ber   remembring/remembered

prefer         pre-FER   (stress at the end)  preferring/preferred

begin          be-GIN    (stress at the end)  beginning

(4) If the word ends in -y or -w. (At the end of words, y and w are not consonants.)

enjoy/enjoying/enjoyed

snow/snowing/snowed

few/fewer/fewest

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Phrasal verbs (look out/take off etc.)

Phrasal verbs (look out/take off etc.)

   February 28, 2019       barkha verma

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Phrasal Verbs (look out/take off etc.)

This is a list of some important phrasal verbs

out

Look out / Watch out = Be careful:

• Look out! there's a car coming!

on

Come on = Be quick / Hurry

• Come on! everybody is waiting for you.

Hold on = wait

• Can you hold on a minute? (= can you wait)

Carry on = Continue:
don't stop working. carry on. (= continue working)

• A: Excuse me, where is the station, please?
• B: Carry on along this road and turn right at the lights.

Also go on / walk on / drive on etc = continue going etc.:

• Don't stop here. Drive on.

Off

Take off = leave the ground

• The plane took off 20 minutes late but landed on time.

up

Wake up = Stop sleeping:

• i often wake up in the middle of the night.

Speak up = Speak more loudly:

• I can't here you. can you speak up a bit?

Hurry up = Do something more quickly:

• Hurry up! we haven't got much time.

Wash up = Wash the plates etc. after a meal:

• Do you want me to wash up?

Grow up = Become an adult:

• What does your son want to do when he grows up?

Give up = stop trying:

• I know it's difficult but don't give up.

down

Slow down = Go more slowly:

• You're driving too fast. slow down.

Break down = Stop working

• Sue was very late because her car broke down.

over

Fall over = Lose your balance:

• I fell over because my shoes were too big for me.

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Phrasal verbs + object (fill in a form / put out a fire etc.)

Phrasal verbs + object (fill in a form / put out a fire etc.)

   February 28, 2019       barkha verma

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Phrasal Verbs + object (fill in a form / put out a fire etc.)

in

Fill in (a form) = complete (a form)

• Can you fill in this form, please?

out

Put out (a fire / a cigarette):

• The fire brigade arrived and put the fire out.

Cross out (a mistake / a word):

• If you can make a mistake, cross it out.

on

Try on = put on clothes to see if they fit you:

• This is a nice jacket. shall i try it on?

up

Give Up = stop something that you do:

• Tom gave up smoking fives years ago. (=he stopped smoking)
• Are you still learning Italian? 'no, i gave it up.

Ring Up = (tel) Phone:

• Sue rang me up last night. (also 'Sue rang me last night.' without'up')

Look Up = (a word in a dictionary etc.):

• I didn't know the meaning of the word,so i looked it up in a dictionary.

Turn Up = make louder(TV, radio, music etc.)

• Can you turn the radio up? I can't hear it.

down

Knock down (a building) = demolish:

• They are going to knock down the school and build a new one.

Turn down = make more quite (TV, radio, music etc.):

• The music is too loud. Can you turn it down?

away

Thrown away (rubbish, things you don't want)

• These apples are bad. shall i throw them away?
• don't throw away that picture. i want it.

Put away = put something in the place where you usually keep it:

• After they finished playing, the children put their toys away.

back

Pay somebody back (money that you borrowed)

• Thank you lending me the money. i will pay you back next week.

over

Knock over (a cup / a glass / a person etc. )

• Be careful. don't knock your cup over.
• There was an accident at the end of the road. A man knocked over by a car.

Round/ around

Show(somebody) round/around = take somebody on a tour of a place:

• We visited a factory last week. the manager showed us round.

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Active and Passive (Present and Past)

Active and Passive (Present and Past)

   February 26, 2019       barkha verma

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Active and Passive  (Present and Past)

Present simple

Active 

• We make butter from milk
• Somebody cleans these rooms every day.
• people never invite me to parties
• how do they make butter?

Passive

• butter is made from milk.
• these rooms are cleaned every day.
• I am never invited to parties.
• how is butter made?

Past Simple

Active 

• Somebody stole my car last week.
• Somebody stole my keys yesterday.
• they didn't invite me to the party.
• when did they build these houses?

Passive

• My car was stolen last week.
• my keys were stolen yesterday.
• I wasn't invited to the party.
• when were these houses build?

Present Continuous

Active

• They are building a new airport at the moment
• they are building some new houses near the river.

Passive

• A new airport is being built at the moment.
• some new houses are being built near the river.

Past Continuous

Active

• When I was here a few years ago, they were building a new airport.

Passive

• When I was here a few years ago, a new airport was being built.

Present perfect

Active

• Look! they have painted the door. these shirts are clean. somebody has washed them.
• Somebody has stolen my car.

Passive

• Look! the door has been painted. these shirts are clean. they have been washed.
• My car has been stolen.

Past Perfect

Active

• Ann said that somebody had stolen her car.

Passive

• Ann said that her car had been stolen.

Will/ can/ must/ have to etc.

Active

• Somebody will clean the office tomorrow.
• somebody must clean the office.
• I think they'll invite you to the party.
• they can't repair my watch.
• you should wash this sweater by hand.
• they are going to build a new airport.
• somebody has to wash these clothes.
• they had to make the injured man to the hospital.

Passive

• the office will be cleaned tomorrow.
• the office must be cleaned.
• I think you'll be invited to the party.
• my watch can't be repaired.
• this sweater should be washed by hand.
• A new airport is going to be built.
• these clothes have to be washed.
• the injured man had to be taken to a hospital.

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Short Forms

Short Forms

   February 26, 2019       barkha verma

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Short Forms  (He's/I' d/Don't etc.)

1.  In spoken English, we usually pronounce 'I am' as one word. the short form (I'm) is a way of writing this:

I am           = I'm     
It is            = it's       
they have  = they've 

• I'm feeling tired this morning
• 'do you like this jacket?'   'yes, it's very nice'
• 'where are your friends?'  They've gone home.

When we write short forms, we use' (an apostrophe):

I am          = I'm
He is         = he's
you have   = you've
she will     = she'll

2.  We use these forms with I/he/she etc.

am     = 'm
is       = 's
are     ='re
have  = 've
has    = 's
had    = 'd
will    = 'll
would = 'd

• I've got some new shoes.
• We'll probably go out this evening.
• It's at 10 O'clock. you're late again

s' = is or has:

•  She's going out this evening. (she's going = she is going)
•  She's going out. (she's gone = she has gone)

'd = would or had:

• A: what would you like to eat?
• B: I'd like a salad, please. (I'd like = I would like)
• I told the police that I'd lost my passport. (I'd lost = I had lost)

Do not use 'm/'s/'d etc. at the end of a sentences 

• 'Are you tired?'   'yes, I am.'

3.  We use short forms with I/you/he/she etc. but you can use short forms (especially's) with other words too:

• Who's your favourite singer? (=who is)
• what's the time?
• there's a big tree in the garden.
• my sister's working in London.
• paul's gone out.
• what colour's your car?

4.  Negative Short forms

isn't = is not

aren't = are not

wasn't = was not

weren't = were not

hasn't = has not

haven't = have not

hadn't = had not

don't  = do not

doesn't = does not

didn't  = did not

can't = cannot

couldn't = could not

won't = will not

wouldn't = would not

shouldn't = should not

mustn't = must not

needn't = need not

• We went to her house but she wasn't at home
• 'where's David?'  'I don't know. i haven't seen him.
• you work all the time. you shouldn't work so hard.
• I won't be here tomorrow. 

5.  s' (apostrophe + s)  's  can mean different things.

'S = (is or has)
Let's  = (lets the weather is nice. let's go out.)

Ann's camera =  (her camera / my brother's car (= his car) / the manager's office 9his/her office.)

Compare:

• Ann's camera was very expensive. (Ann's camera = her camera)
• Ann's a very good photographer. (Ann's = Ann is)
• Ann's got a new camera. (Ann's got = Ann has got)

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Conjunction of verbs

Conjunction of verbs

   February 24, 2019       barkha verma

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Conjunction of verbs

present past participle

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Proverbs

Proverbs

   February 24, 2019       barkha verma

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Proverbs

• It is useless to cry over split milk
• Every cook is proud on his own dunghill.
• The union is a strength.
• Might is right.
• Tit for that.
• All is well that ends well.
• No pains, no gains.
• Honesty is the best policy.
• A friend in need is a friend indeed.
• Where there is a will there is a way.
• As you sow, so shall you reap.
• While in Rome do as the Romans do.
• Barking dogs seldom bite.
• The grapes are sour.
• Two of the same trade seldom agree.
• Health is wealth.
• Necessity is the mother of invention.
• Better alone than in a bad company.
• A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
• To kill two birds with one stone. 
• Blood is thicker than water.
• Think before you leap(or speck).
• All that glitters is not gold.
• Slow and steady wins the race.
• Great hoast little roast.
• Truth is evergreen.
• To err is human.
• Hunger is the best sauce.
• Hope taste life.
• Cut your coat according to your clothes.
• Silence is gold.
• Prevention is better than cure.
• Pride hath a fall.
• Love begets love.

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Distinction of words

Distinction of words

   February 23, 2019       barkha verma

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Distinction of words

1.Abstain (for the thing)
   Retrain (For work)

2. Accept
    Except
    Expert

3. Accede
    Exceed

4. Access
    Excess

5. Adapt
    Adept
    Adopt

6. Affect
    Effect

7. Altra
    Alter

8. Artist
    Artisan

9. Ascent
    Assent

10. Avenge
      Revenge

11. Berth
      Birth

12. Born
      Borne

13. Bridal
      Bridle

14. Canon
      Cannon

15. East
      Caste
      Cost

16. Ceiling
      Sealing
      Roof


17. Cheat
      Deceive

18. Childish
      Childlike

19. Chord
      Cord
      Card

19. Cite
      Cord
      Card

20. Cite
      Sight
      Site

21. Complement
      Compliments

22. Contagious
      Infectious

23. Continual
      Continuous

24. Corps
      Corpse
      Core

25. Council
      Counsel
      Consul

26. Crime
       Vice
       Sin

27. Custom
      Habit
      Costume

28. Deny
      Refuse

29. Decent
      Ascent
      Dissent

30. Decease
      Disease

31. Discover
      Invent
      Draft
      Drought
      Draught

32. Dual
      Duel

33. Eligible
      Illegible

34. Eminent
      Imminent

35. Envious
      Jealous

36. Fair
      Fare
      Fear

37. Flea
      Flee

38. Foul
      Fowl

39. Gait
      Gate

40. Gamble
      Gambol

41. Gentle
      Gambol

42. Gentle
      Genteel

43. Hail
      Hale

44. Hew
       Hue

45. Hoard
      Horde

46. Honorary
      Honourable

47. Industrial
      Industrious

48. Knotty
      Naughty

49. Later
      Latter

50. Lighting
      Lightning

51. Main
      Mane

52. Pail
      Pale

53. Pair
      Pare

54. Patrol
      Petrol

55. Peal
      Peel

56. Plan
      Plain
      Plane

57. Popular
      Populous

58. Pore
      Pour

59. Quiet
      Quit
      Quite

60. Rain
      Rein
      Reign

61. Recollect
      Remember

62. Respectable
      Respectful

63. Right
      Rite
      Write

64. Root
      Rout
      Route

65. Soar
      Sore
      Sour

66. Social
      Sociable

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One-Word Substitution

One-Word Substitution

   February 22, 2019       barkha verma

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One-Word Substitution

• The students are advised to learn the following One-Word Substitution. this will help them in attempting precis and translation in a better way.

Translated in English Governments

Anarchy
Aristocracy
Autocracy
Democracy
Dictatorship
Monarchy
Republic
Aliens
Ambassador
Embassy
Suicide
Fatal
Booking-office
Crematory
Granary
Library
Laboratory
Mint
Studio
Dispensary
Examination hall, debar
Museum, zoo

Person

Aquatic
Athiest
Bankrupt or insolvent
Credulous
Examinees
Fatalist
Popular, illiterate
Linguist
Hospitable
Notorious pick-pocket
Omnipresent, omniscient, omnipotent
Orphans, windows
Veteran
Spectators
Volunteers
Vegetarian
Optimist, pessimist

Things

Anoymous
Antonym
Inaccessible
Fragile, brittle
Incredible
Incurable
Indigestible
Illegible
Trespassing, illegal
Immovable
Irreparable
Irrelevant
Impracticable
Invisible
Invincible
Obsolete

Miscellaneous

Autobiography
Biography
Audience
Century
Contagious
Extempore
Honorary
Maiden speech
Matinee show
Panacea
Unanimously
Verbose
Voluntarily
Water-proof

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Miscellaneous Sentences

Miscellaneous Sentences

   February 21, 2019       barkha verma

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Miscellaneous Sentences

• The wine got into (went to) his head.
• He got off scot-free.
• All advice fell flat on him.
• It is a shame you should molest these young boys.
• He will have been here three weeks tomorrow.
• He will die with his shoes on.
• You may go on talking, I shall turn a deaf ear to you.
• This cut is now out of date.
• He is only small fry.
• Beware of imitations.
• We hailed a taxi driver.
• He was reduced to a skeleton. 
• I served him with notice.
• He was fired.
• I shall revenge this insult on him.
• Help those men wash their hands.
• Meat is not served in (at) this hotel. let us bury the hatched.
• We are not on speaking terms with each other.
• I know him by sight only.
• He is serving (doing) his time now.
• The servant has not yet wrung out my towel.
• He will wring the neck of your frog.
• The trailer took my measure (or measurement).
• You want my head on a charger.
• Now you should not wreak your vengeance on me.
• Let us put it to auction. what is your bid?
• I will outbid you.
• He is not ill, he is only pretending.
• He only knows how to say ditto, (or) he is a yes man.
• You go on harping on the same theme.
• You seem to have had the odd one.
• Have you taken delivery of the consignment?
• This road is infested with robbers.
• Now we are quits.
• On search, only five rupees were found in his person.
• The murderer is still at large.
• You let your friends down.
• How may I call you?
• Do not get into mischief. the lights have been turned on.
• Sit here and scare (drive) away from the crows.
• I motioned him to a chair.
• What is this bolt from the blue?
• Have you gone mad?
• Things are going the wrong day by day.
• You should not go back upon your word:
• Is your period vacant?
• Are you free now?
• Is this seat free(vacant)?
• We taught him a lesson.
• you have given me ten rupees short.
• I lose a hundred rupees, what do you lose?
• May God preserve you!
• Cursed be the day when you were born to me!
• Alas! you do not come out first.
• Hurrah! we have beaten our rivals by three goals.
• You are going grey.
• It is long since you honoured us with a visit.
• My God! what a dire misfortune! 
• He is changed out of all recognition.
• Many brave warriors fell in the day.
• I win over even my enemy.
• Write to me at (to) this address.
• Keep a sharp eye on this boy, he copies.
• In a few moments, he took stock of the whole situation.
• Do not tickle me.
• What a tough customer we have got to deal with!
• This poor fellow's days are numbered.
• Mysterious are the ways of god things have gone bad since he went on leave.
• This man is a stranger to a feeling of mercy.
• Honesty won't pay (do) here.
• This is putting a premium of dishonesty.
• I will die and fasten the blame on you.
• The poor boy kept looking on. 
• Think about how it comes about.
• All men are brothers.
• Let us take the bus here.
• Standing water gets stagnant.
• The water of this tank is not worth drinking.
• It is beyond my control.
• He is under sentence to death.
• He is not such a mug as lay all his cards on the table.
• He has always some cards up his sleeve.
• A pleasant conversation shortens the journey.
• The mango is hot in its effect.
• Hot tea has a cooling effect in summer.
• What have you got under your arm?
• At this, he looked bewildered.
• Examine your own self.
• This child looks very lovely.

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Daily Conversions Topic

Daily Conversions Topic

   February 21, 2019       barkha verma

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Daily Conversions Topic

• Health and Disease

My father is laid up with malaria.
The patient is on a fair way to recovery.
He is far gone in consumption.
Press my head gently, it relieves me a bit.
My eyes are sore and running.
The boil has suppurated and is pointing.
My stomach is upset.
My bowels do not move freely.
Yes, you should take some laxative.
I fell nausea.
My friend feels rather feverish (or, has a temperature).
I am out of sorts today.
Yesterday I was taken suddenly ill (or, fell suddenly ill).
Why have you bandaged your arm?

• Law and Order

The District Magistrate will deliver judgement tomorrow.
It was thought that he would be discharged but the magistrate framed charges against him.
The shopkeeper went bail for the accused.
The judge sentenced the accused to two years' rigorous imprisonment.
He has been sentenced to death.
The police are (or, are) investigating this matter.
The culprit absconded, but the police have got some clue.
The accused petitioned an appeal in the high court against the decision of the judge.
If all the defence witnesses had given their evidence, he would have been acquitted.
The offence is unbailable.
Nowadays litigation is on the increase.
My brother has brought (put up) a civil (or criminal) case against me.
Ram has got (trumped) up a false case against Shyam.
The date of the hearing has not yet been fixed.
The witness gave false evidence.
This amount is time-barred.

• Business And Money 

Nothing is sold here on credit.
Come, let us strike (clinch) a bargain.
He does a roaring trade nowadays.
What did this knife coast you?
What did this knife cost you?
These pairs of shoes are for sale.
I purchased these two tables at the auction.
Everybody complains of trade depression nowadays.
What did your bicycle sell for?
The cloth has come down but gold has gone up tremendously.
He is over head and ears in dept.
Do you owe anything to anybody?
I want a loan of hundred rupees, what interest will you charge?
Creditors have to submit accounts to debtors every year.

• Games and Amusements

Putting the weight will take place at 2. p.m and cycle race at 6.
Baldev went to see a matinee show today.
This film had a run of four weeks in Delhi.
I am of opinion that most films corrupt the morals of young men.
When miss Gita finished her song everyone cried out, "once more, once more."
As soon as the curtain was raised the audience broke into clapping even then you are a film fan.
Yesterday we played a cricket match against the government school team on their grounds.
We won the toss and our opponents went to the field.
Our bowlers were smart.
Our first innings stood at two hundred runs.
Every player has to submit to the umpire's decision.
Tug-of-war requires much exertion.

• Travelling

Coolie, weigh this luggage and label.
The pointsman has lowered the signal.
In big seas sometimes sailing vessels capsize.
The ship cast anchor.
I have booked my passage in the Sapna aeroplane.
The ship is underway.
This ship is bound for America.
Look here! the ship has weighed anchor.
I shall fly up to Mumbai and then sail for Karachi.
We can see aeroplane-descend and fly.
We are lucky today.
The Punjab mail got derailed near Saharanpur.
This train is due at half past four but today it is late. perhaps there has been an accident.

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Various Kinds of Expressions

Various Kinds of Expressions

   February 20, 2019       barkha verma

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Various Kinds of Expressions

(A) Card
Now you may deal them out.
Are you strong in any suit?
You shuffle the cards and I shall cut (them).
Come let us play cards.
I have the ace of hearts and you have the jack of diamonds.
Who has got the king of spades and the queen of clubs?
Cards are preferred to chess.
I have not got a single trump card.
How many tricks have you won(or, made)?

(B) Person
Hello! Is it you?
I have come to receive you.
Lay by something against (for) old age.
These days it is difficult for a man to make(both) end meet.
He lives from hand to mouth.
Is he better-off now? No, he is well-off.
He is all things to all man.

(C) Food
Do not drink up the whole milk at one draught.
Chew your food well, otherwise you will spoil your health.
He feels no appetite.

(D) Bank
These days most banks do not allow more interest than of the post-office.
It takes more time (longer) to withdraw money from a Bank then to deposit in it.
Where do you deposit your money?
Is any security required to obtain a job in a bank?

(E) Post
No, I shall send it by ordinary registered-post.
Let me know by the return of post of your safe arrival.
How many times a day is a post delivered in your town?
Take care lest it should become a bearing letter.
Have you got this letter insured?

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The Glance Sentences

The Glance Sentences

   February 20, 2019       barkha verma

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The glance at the Use of verbs in sentences

Set I-Use of is, am, are, was, were, shall be, will be.

Man is a social creature
The man was a social creature.
Man will be a social creature.
We are honest.
We were honest.
We shall be honest.
I am simple.
I was simple.
I shall be simple.

Set II-Use of has have had, will have, shall have.

Each class has sections.
Each class had sections.
Each class will have sections.
Sections have a class.
Sections had a class.
Sections will have a class.

Set III-Use of doing, does, did

I do my work.
She does her duty.
We did everything fairly.
I do not want the prize of praise.
She does not feel shy.
How did you have it?
I do love you.

Set IV-Use of indefinite

What you say, satisfies me.
People welcomed what I provided.
We shall give you what you want.
Nobody will fell unhappy.

Set V-Use of continuous

You are keeping the word.
He is enjoying the sky.
I am noticing all.
They were watching the sky.
He was playing in the garden.
Who will be supporting you?
I shall not be monitoring the macrocosm.

Set VI-Use of perfect

Mr. much and many have always succeeded.
A little lot has seldom failed.
They had a fair friendship.
The great gods will have approved that.

Set VII-Use of Perfect Continous

Since when have goddesses been living on the earth?
He has rarely been attending the meeting.
His humanity had been suffering for ages.
My mates will have been meeting for hours.
You will have been continuing the deep until the lead.

Set VIII-Use of models

You shall do it just now.
All should follow the rules.
I would like to know this.
Word must be kept.
We ought to regard the supreme.
You cannot cure the incurable.
You could perceive earlier.
She may recover soon.
She might improve then.
We need not indulging it.
I dare not do this.
They used to imitate me.

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Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative Sentences

   February 20, 2019       barkha verma

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Interrogative Sentences

Use of who, whose, whom, which, what, when, where, why and how

Study the following sentences carefully:

who is there?
who helps you?
who is knocking at the door?
who can do this work?
who loves you?

whose pen is this?
whose work did you do?
whose son is he?
whose servant are you?
whose qualities do you like here?

whom do you love?
whom are you teaching?
whom are you calling?
whom can you trust upon?
whom shall I obey?

which is your house?
which cap do you like?
which is his book?
which cloth will you buy?
which girl have you selected?

what is your name?
what do you want?
what did she say then?
what are you doing there?
what were you writing?

when were you worn?
when do you go to school?
when did his grandfather die?
when are you coming home?
when will your marriage take place?

where is your office?
where do you live?
where is your bag?
where is he playing now?
where is India in the world?

why are you late?
why are you going there?
why did you not see him?
why is he lying here?
why are the children making a noise?

how do you take exercise?
how do you do?
how do you make a chair?
how is she walking?
how did he defeat you?

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Exclamatory and Operative Sentences

Exclamatory and Operative Sentences

   February 19, 2019       barkha verma

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Exclamatory and Operative Sentences 

Read the rules given below:

• An exclamatory sentence expresses the feeling of joy, sorrow or surprise. it usually has some exclamatory word or phrase like hurrah alas etc. and a mark of exclamation is given at the end of the sentence an optative sentence expresses a wish or a prayer.

Study the following sentences carefully:

Hurrah! I have won the first prize.
Alas! I have lost my new watch.
What clever she is!
What a fine morning it is!
Oh, the smell child jumped so high!
What a fool you are!
How wise he is!
How beautiful the rainbow is!
Alas! that youth should pass away!
A student and afraid of books!
A student and afraid of fighting!
How well she sings!
O! that I was rich!
Would that i had wings of a bird!
If only i could win the first prize!
May you succeed!
O! that i had gold enough!
May you live long!
Goodbye, my dear friends!

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Imperative Sentences

Imperative Sentences

   February 19, 2019       barkha verma

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Imperative Sentences

Read the rules given below:

• Imperative Sentences begin with the first form of the main verb, and the subject being understood is not used. Such sentences have a sense of order; request or advice.

Study the following sentences carefully:

Stand up.
Sit down.
Keep quiet.
Work hard.
Speak the truth.
That's great.
Sound's good.
Please help me.
Kindly come tomorrow.
Do not go there.
Do not swim in that pond.
Don't do this word.
Bring a glass of water.
Open your book at page 50.
Obey your parents.
Tell him or wait.
Never tell a lie.
Always mind your own business.
Let me go.
Let her does her work.
Let us go for a walk.
Let him not see the letter.
Come here.
Go there.
Look ahead.
Come early.
Be ready.
Just listen.
Do not forget.
Don't worry.
Signature here.
Don't say anything.
Come again.
Take light exercise.
Please keep to the left.
Do this sum.
Pay that bill today.
Turn him out.
Let us see the movie.
Ask him to go there.
Do not tease anybody
To put out the lamp.

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Use of introductory it and there

Use of introductory it and there

   February 19, 2019       barkha verma

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Use of introductory it and there

Read the rules given below:

• Generally, 'it' means this' and 'there' means 'at that place', but here we do not take these meaning. here they are used just to begin the sentence. that's why they are known as introductory words.

Study the following sentences carefully:

(Use of 'It')

It is fine today.
It was very hot yesterday.
It is Thursday today.
It is at four O'clock.
It is raining.
It will take you an hour to reach there.
It is long since I met him.
It is our duty to respect our elders.
It is very kind of you to have helped me.
It is I who rang the bell.

(Use of 'There')

There was a king.
There is no doubt about it.
There are many trees in the garden.
There is still much time.
There is none to look after him.
There are 25 teachers in this school.
There are many things.
There is no hope of his success.
There is something wrong at the bottom.
There is no cause to worry.

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Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

   February 18, 2019       barkha verma

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Future Perfect Continuous Tense

In this tense, we see continuous action for a time in the future period. time is given in the sentence.

Read the rules given below:

• In a future perfect continuous tense, we use shall have been or will have been and the first form of the main verb with ing.
• In negative Sentences, we use not between shall/will and have been.
• In interrogative Sentences shall or will is placed before the subject and after the subject has been being used.
• Since and for will have their traditional use.

Study the following sentences carefully:

(Affirmative Sentences)

We shall have been taking the examination for three hours.
They will have been living in Delhi since then.
It will have been snowing in Shimla since last night.
I shall have been writing this book for fifteen days.
The government will have been increasing taxes for many years.
He will have been contesting election for ten years.
I shall have been drawing a picture for two hours.
She will have been composing a poem since morning.
I shall have been delivering a speech for fifteen minutes.
My brother will have been talking exercise for an hour.

(Negative Sentences)

We shall not have been playing hockey for four O'clock.
The fountain will not have been working for three days.
She will not have been knitting a sweater since noon.
Veena will not have been journeying for two days.
They will not have have been gossipping for two days.
She will not have been going to school for three days.
He will not have been meeting me for many months.
We shall not have been holding any meeting for two years.
He will not have been picking pockets for some days.
The judge will not have been hearing this case for a year.

(Interrogative and interro-negative sentences)

Will you have been waiting for them for long?
Will the launderer have been ironing my clothes for two O'clock?
Shall we have been revising our books since last week?
Will he have been running his shop in this locality since 1990?
Will the king have been hunting in this forest since afternoon 1990?
Will he have been dealing in sugar since 1995?
Will he have been earning his living easily since last year?
Shall we not have been dealing with them for two years?
Will the teacher has been teaching us English for an hour?
Will the director of education have been inspecting our school for an hour?

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Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense

   February 18, 2019       barkha verma

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Future Perfect Tense

this tense tells the completion of an action in future time:

Read the rules given below:

• In future perfect tense, we use shall have or will have accompanied by the third form of the main verb.
• when there are two clauses, one clause shows the completion of the action and here shall have or will have+form is used. Another clause, showing the beginning of another action present indefinite tense-I form or me form+s/es, do/does+ form is used.
• In negative Sentences, not will be put between shall/will and have.
• In Interrogative sentences, shall or will is placed before the subject. A question mark is put at the end of the sentence.

Study the following sentences carefully:

(Affirmative Sentences)

1. I shall have written a letter.
2. She will have prepared tea.
3. We shall have taken the examination.
4. He will have repaired the radio.
5. I shall have kicked him.
6. The washerman will have ironed the clothes.
7. The peon will have rung the bell.
8. He will have locked the house.
9. I shall have taken the bath by then.
10. They will have reached the school before the bell rings.

(Negative Sentences)

1. The bell will not have gone.
2. The sun will not have risen.
3. The ship will not have sunk.
4. He will not have done the work.
5. He will not have told a lie.
6. They will not have spun.
7. He will not have written an article by then.
8. He will not have turned up by now.
9. We shall not have reached our destination before night falls.

(Interrogative and interro-negative Sentences)

1. Will Mumtaz have died?
2. Will the night have ended?
3. Will the schools have opened there?
4. Will he have learnt English?
5. Shall I have met him till tomorrow?
6. Will Manohar not have arrived by now?
7. Will he have become an officer by the next year?
8. Will his wife having told him this thing?

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Future Continous Tense

Future Continous Tense

   February 18, 2019       barkha verma

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Future Continous Tense

This tense indicates continuous action in future time.

Read the rules given below:

• In the future continuous tense, we see that the action will be going on.
• Shall be and will are the verbs that are used duly with the first form of the main verb along within.

Study the following sentence carefully:

(Affirmative Sentences)

1. He will be learning English.
2. His sister will be writing an essay.
3. They will be smiling.
4. Mamta will be sleeping.
5. You will be taking the examination.
6. Ganesh will be taking tea at the at this time.
7. You will be progressing.
8. I shall be going abroad tomorrow.
9. We shall be leading a carefree life.

(Negative Sentences)

1. Anita will not be reading at night.
2. I shall not be talking to her.
3. She will not be saying nothing.
4. She will not be changing her clothes.
5. Gyani will not lose the match.
6. They will not be leaving that place.
7. He will not always be giving you money.
8. He will not be obeying you.
9. He'll not be bringing a slur on the name of his family.

(Interrogative and interro-negative Sentences)

1. Will she be combing her hair?
2. Shal we are laughing?
3. will you be weeping?
4. will all be sleeping at night?
5. will the cold wind be blowing?
6. will they be planting the trees?
7. will the prime minister not be delivering a speech at this time?
8. will he be writing a report in my favour?
9. will the snake charmer be trying to catch the snake?

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Future Indefinite Tense

Future Indefinite Tense

   February 18, 2019       barkha verma

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Future Indefinite Tense

Future Indefinite Tense Marks the occurrence of an action in future time

Read the rules given below:

• Future indefinite tense has the use of shall or will with the first form of the main verb.
• Generally, with the first person, I, we with shall is used.
• And, with second and third persons-you, he, she, it, they and others-will are used. 
• In certain cases when there is some sense of pat promise, threat command or determination etc. the uses of shall and will are reversed, i.e with the first person we use will and with second and third persons we use shall.

Study the following sentences carefully:

(Affirmative Sentences)

1. I shall buy a grand house.
2. I shall take you with me.
3. He will become a doctor.
4. I shall take bath in the river.
5. Mother will love her child.
6. We shall pluck flowers from the garden.
7. She will do her work.
8. The school will remain closed tomorrow.
9. He shall be punished.
10. She will go to China.

(Negative Sentences)

1. I shall not take strong tea.
2. I shall not tear the book.
3. He will not take a bath in the river.
4. He will not tease me.
5. She will not go to the market.
6. I shall not go home today.
7. We shall not take rice today.
8. He will not serve you.
9. We shall not go there.
10. I shall not meet you.

(Interrogative Sentence)

1. Shall I wait for you?
2. Will you always have your own way?
3. Will you bring me fruits?
4. Will, he not lie?
5. Will you participate in the games?
6. Will, you did not give me money?
7. Will train comes at the time?
8. Shall I read the book?
9. Will you do not respect your older?
10. Will, he does not love you?

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Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense

   February 17, 2019       barkha verma

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Past Perfect Tense

This tense shows the completion of an action in past time.

Read the rules given below:

• In past Perfect Tense, we find the completion of an action certain words like already, before etc.; and sometimes the of another action marks the completion of one action and the expression of this part contains past perfect tense.
• In it, we use had+III form of MV. no matter what number and person the subject is.
• In interro-negative sentences, had + subject + not + III Form of min verb?
• When the sentences have two clauses-one clause marks past perfect i.e. had + III Form V, and another marks part indefinite i.e. II form V. or did + I form V.

(Affirmative Sentences)

I had read the book.
Nita Had sung a song.
The sun had risen.
We had finished our lesson.
He had reached home.
I had already taken my meals.
He had come here once before.
The man-eater had eaten many men.
I had written this by yesterday evening.
He had made such a mistake before.

(Negative Sentences)

He had not completed the word.
He had not taken his bath.
He had not eaten fruit.
They had not won the match.
He had not seen him before.
She had not eaten anything till then.
He had not signed all the papers.
He had never gone to Mumbai before.
I had not given him word till yesterday.

(Interrogative Sentences and Interro-Negative Sentences)

Had you taken your meals?
Had he come?
Had they seen the movie?
Had Ravi gone to bed?
Had you bought the books?
Had I not told you this?
Had the patient died?
had you sought permission to come in?
Had many houses collapsed during the rain?

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Past perfect continuous tense

Past perfect continuous tense

   February 17, 2019       barkha verma

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Past Perfect Continuous Tense

This tense shows the continuation of action for a time in the past tense. time is given in the sentences.

Read the rules given below:

• In past perfect continuous Tense, we are told that the action had been going on for a certain period in past time.
• As a verb had been+I form+ing is used with subjects of any person and number.
• In negative sentences not is put between had and been.
• In interrogative Sentences had is placed before the subject and been after the subject and been after the subject, then I form + ing and so on.

(Affirmative Sentance)

The girl had been dancing for ten minutes.
He had been waiting for me at one O'clock.
The child had been sleeping for two hours.
Mother had been grinding gram since four O'clock.
He had been on leaves since Monday.
He had been ill for two months.
Se had been speaking since ten O clock.
She had been spinning since noon.
He had been writing that books for many months.
the Teacher had been teaching us for two hours.

(Negative Sentences)

Seema had not been talking her meals for three days.
Lila had not been knitting a since sweater afternoon.
The tailor had not been sewing clothes since midnight.
Shastri Ji had not been leading us for many years.
Rupa had been learning how to sing since childhood
The soldiers had not been fighting for many days.
We had not been discussing this topic for two hours
The police had not been chasing them for two years.
He had not been living there for a year.
The boys had not been playing in the ground since four O'clock.

(Interrogative Sentences and interro-Negative sentences)

Had he been writing a poem since morning?
Had he been decorating his room since morning?
Had he been spoiling the thing since morning?
Had he been reading before the came here?
Had he been hunting since morning?
Had the children been making mischief for an hour?
Had the checker not been checking tickets for two hours?
Had he been sitting alone since morning?
Had we been preparing for the examination since July?
Had the gardener not been planting trees since tuesday?

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Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense

   February 17, 2019       barkha verma

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Past Continous Tense

This tense indicates the continuing of action in the past time:

Read the rules given below:

• In the past continuous tense, we use was or were and the first form of the main verb with ing.
• when the subject is I, she, it or same singular number, we use was [i was writing a letter then]
• when the subject is you, we, they or some plural number, we use were. [we were thinking over the problem quite seriously.]
• In negative sentences, we put not between we/were and I from+ing. [was not going./were not going].
• In interrogative Sentences was or were is placed before the subject.[was he, were you when you]
• In int-neg sentences, we use not after the subject but before the main verb.

(Affirmative Sentence)

She was preparing tea.
Ii was sleeping in my room.
He was selling books.
I was writing an essay.
The goldsmith was making ornaments.
The boys were swimming in the river.
We were revising our lesson.
The mansion was making a building.
You were cleaning the utensils.
He was specking very past.

(Negative Sentences)

I was not abusing you.
The boys were not laughing.
They were not winning the match.
I was not taking my meals.
The well was not working.
They were not shedding tears.
The farmer was not ploughing the field.
He was not selling tickets.
Raju and babu were not fighing.
The sun was not setting.

(Interrogative and interro-negative sentences)

Was the fountain playing?
Were you receiving the guests?
Was the dog barking?
Was the postman sorting the letters?
Were you writing a poem?
Were you buying a new watch?
Was he not reading the newspaper?
Was the bird not flying?
Was the peon not ringing the bell?
Was he teacher not punishing the boys?

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Past Indefinite Tense

Past Indefinite Tense

   February 17, 2019       barkha verma

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Past Indefinite Tense

In this tense, action in the past tense is shown.

Read the rules given below:

• To show past indefinite tense in the Sentence, we use the second form of the verb. [he said so] remember, that this is the only tense with its own stage of action in which the second form of the main verb is used.
• In negative sentences, we use did not the + first form of the main verb. [i did not see her yesterday.] use never for did not ever, [i never went there] since it will be little right to say that I did not ever talk to her.
• In interrogative sentences, did is placed before the subject, and after subject, the first form of the main verb is applied. A question mark is put at the end. In interro-negtive sentences, did is placed before the subject, and after the subject, the first form of the main verb is applied. A question mark is put at the end.
• In interro-negative sentences, did+ subject+not+I form of the main verb.
• Also, to emphasise a thing or a fact, we use did, just in affirmative sentences in while the generally second form of the verb is used and did +I form.

Study the following sentences carefully:

(Affirmative Sentences)

You wrote a letter.
I gave him a book.
He caught a bird.
The clock struck twelve.
He abused you.
I received your telegram yesterday.
I soleved the sum.
India became independent in 1947
I won the first priza.
Gaya went wo gaya.

(Negative Sentence)

He did not warn you.
He did not learn the lesson.
He did not speck the truth.
He did not utter a word.
Rita did not take bath today.
The tailor thread the needle.
I did not sell my watch.
We did not go to school yesterday.
Rani did not wash the clothes.
Yesterday, my youngest brother did let me do the work.

(Interrogative and int-negative sentences)

Did Sita sing a song?
Did you buy a book?
DidKewall blow a whistle?
Did raj tell a lie?
Did she not go to the market?
Did you stnd first in the class?
Did you reach there in time?
Did you not wait for me?
Did he not save you from drowing?
Did he does not take part in games?

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Present Perfect continuous Tense

Present Perfect continuous Tense

   February 16, 2019       barkha verma

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Present Perect continous Tense

(Affirmative Sentences)

In this tense, the action has been in continuation for a certain time. time is given in the sentence.

Read the rules given below:

• In present perfect continuous tense, we use has been/have been the + first form of the main verb+ing.
• When the subject is I, we, you, they or some plural number, we use have been + First form of the main verb with ing.
• When the subject is he, she, or some singular number, we use has been and the first form of the main verb with ing. 

Study the following sentences carefully:

1. She has been reading for two hours.
2. I have been working since morning
3. We have been walking for two hours.
4. He has been writing a letter for an hour.
5. I have been waiting for you for twenty minutes.
6. We have been living here for three years.
7. It has been drizzling since last Sunday.
8. She has been crying since last Sunday.
9. She has been feeling giddy since morning.
10. The washerman has been ironing the clothes since 4 O'clock.
11. You have been putting me off for a month.
12. The clouds have been thundering since this evening.
13. The tap has been running for two hours.
14. We have been counting beads since morning.

(Negative Sentences)

Read the rules given below:

• In negative Sentences, we use not between has been or have been.
• Note that since is used before the point of time. [Since 1990, Since March, Tuesday, Since 4 O'clock, since morning/evening/afternoon/midnight/yesterday/last week childhood etc.]

Study the following sentences carefully:

1. We have not been playing since morning.
2. He has not been talking exercises for an hour.
3. She has not been working here since 1990.
4. He has not been talking bath for five days.
5. He has not been reading for two hours.
6. That girl has not been playing on guitar for an hour.
7. The gardener has not been watering the plants for many days.
8. He has not been looking happy for many days.
9. They have not been fighting for some time.
10. The cow has not been giving milk for two months.
11. My watch has not been keeping correct time for two weeks.
12. This child has not been crying for two hours.
13. I have not been going there since then.
14. The old women have not been groaning since noon.
15. They have not always been doing so.

(Interrogative Sentences and Interro-Negative Sentences)

Read the rules given below:-

• In interrogative sentences, has or have it placed before the subject and a question mark is put at the end of the sentence.
• In intrro-negative sentences, first has or have, them subjects and after it not been, the first form of the main verb+ing.

Study the following sentences carefully:

1. Has he been writing for two days?
2. Has she been sleeping for five O'clock?
3. Have I not been telling this thing for one year?
4. Has the teacher been teaching for two hours?
5. Has he been living with you for a year?
6. Has the lamp been burning since evening?
7. Has she been weeping since morning?
8. Have the children been playing for four O'clock?
9. Has Ravi been living in this house at 2 O'clock?
10. Have you been living in this house for five years?
11. Has it not been raining since yesterday?
12. Has the cold wind principal been delivering a speech for fifteen minutes?
13. Has radhey been strolling in the veranda for an hour?
14. Has he not been failing for the last two years.

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Present perfect Tense

Present perfect Tense

   February 16, 2019       barkha verma

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Present perfect Tense

(Affirmative Sentences)

This tense shows that the action is done or finished at the person. it just now.

Read the rules given below:

• In this tense has and have been used as helping verbs and with the third form of the main verb is used.
• When the subject is I, we, you, they or some plural number, we use have+III form of the main verb.
• When the subject is he, she, it or some singular number, we use has+III form of the main verb.

Study the following sentences carefully:

1. I have taken my meals.
2. she has learnt her lesson.
3. Ryan has taken tea.
4. the sun has risen.
5. they have sung a song.
6. I have sold my bicycle.
7. I have stood first in the class.
8. we have solved this sum.
9. Our team has won the match.
10. somebody has stolen my pen.
11. we have written our compositions. 
12. I have told him the whole story.
13. the patient has recovered.
14. i have learnt how to swim.
15. someone has picked my pocket.

(Negative Sentences)

Read the rules given below:

• In present perfect tense/negative sentence, not is put between has/have and the third form of the main verb is used.
• When the subject is I, we, you, they, and plural numbers have not + III form is used.
• When the subject is he, she, it and singular numbers have not + Verb III form is used

to study the following sentences carefully:

1. Mother has not done her work.
2. She has not combed her hair.
3. I have never failed.
4. I have not received your letter.
5. They have not lose the match.
6. I have not met him recently.
7. I have not seen this movie.
8. He has not returnedyet.
9. You have not changed your dress.
10. He has not died of cholera.
11. I have not been there.
12. I have not seen him for two years.
13. I have not made mistake.
14. I have not deposited money in the bank for a year.
15. He has notwithdrawn all his money from the bank.

(Interrogative Sentences and Interro-negative Sentences)

Read the rules given below:

• In present perfect tense/interrogative Sentences, has or have if used before the subject the III form of the main verb, is applied and a question-mark(?) is put at the end of the sentence
• In interrogative-negative Sentences, first has or have and then the subject, then not and III form of the main Verb is arranged.

1. Study the following sentences carefully:
2. Have you teased her?
3. Have you met her?
4. Has the father come?
5. Has your sister passed the examinaton?
6. Has he deceived you?
7. Has the mother cooked the food?
8. Has manohar's mother died?
9. Have the children gone to bed?
10. Have they lost their way?
11. Have you ever thought so?
12. Has he not gone to his office?
13. Has he not set up a new shop?
14. Has he not helped you?
15. Have i not given you promise?
16. Have you ever seen a lion?

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Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense

   February 16, 2019       barkha verma

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Present Continuous Tense

(Affirmative Sentences)

Read the rules given below

• Is/am/are+i form+ing is used.
• When the subject is he, she, it or some singular numbers, is used and the first of the main verb with ing. 
• Am is used with "i"
• When the subject is you, we, they or some plural numbers are+first forms of the main verb+ withing is used.

Study the following sentences carefully:

1. Gita is singing a song.
2. They are talking.
3. I am writing a story.
4. We are learning our lesson.
5. The birds are flying.
6. You are running.
7. The gardener is sowing the seed.
8. We are walking.
9. Babli is weeping.
10. The teacher is teaching the class.
11. The book is selling like hot cakes.
12. They are talking about exercise.
13. Somebody is knocking at the door.
14. We principal sitting in the office.
15. We are going to see movies.

(Negative Sentences)

Read the rules given below:

• In present continuous tense, we use is/am/are+i form+ing
• When we are to use not, we use it between is/am/are and i form + ing.
• Is not, am not, are not

Study the following sentences carefully:

1. Mamta is not singing
2. Shila is not coming.
3. They are not sleeping.
4. He is not selling vegetables today.
5. I m not going.
6. You are reading.
7. I am not leaving for calcutta in the pond.
8. The teacher is not calling the roll.
9. The well is not working.
10. The cobbler is not mending the shoes.
11. They are doing nothing new.
12. They are not extinguishing the fire.
13. We are not going on a picnic today.

(Interrogative Sentences and Interro Negative Sentences)

Read the rules given below

• In present continuous tense/interrogative sentences, the helping verb is/am/are is placed before the subject duly and after the subject is written the First form of the main verb withing, and a question mark is put at the end of the sentence.
• In Interro-negative Sentences-first comes is/am/are and then the subject, after the not and then the first form of the main verb+ing.

Study the following sentences carefully:

1. Am I cutting jokes?
2. Are you writing a book?
3. Is she singing?
4. Are they working?
5. Am I telling a story?
6. Are you going home?
7. Are you playing Football?
8. Is he talking an examination?
9. Is rupa dancing?
10. Are all the girls talking?
11. Is Seema washing her clothes?
12. Is he sitting on the chair?
13. Are you not taking charge of the new post?
14. Are you collecting stamps of different ages?

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